SELECT 
  p.product_id 
FROM 
  vi_products as p 
  LEFT JOIN vi_products_categories as pc ON p.product_id = pc.product_id 
  LEFT JOIN vi_categories as c ON c.category_id = pc.category_id 
WHERE 
  1 
  AND pc.category_id IN (250, 251, 252, 253) 
  AND p.status = 'A' 
  AND c.status = 0 
  AND p.parent_product_id = 0

Query time 0.00024

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "pc",
          "access_type": "range",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "pt"],
          "key": "PRIMARY",
          "key_length": "3",
          "used_key_parts": ["category_id"],
          "rows": 7,
          "filtered": 100,
          "attached_condition": "pc.category_id in (250,251,252,253)",
          "using_index": true
        }
      },
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "p",
          "access_type": "eq_ref",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "status", "idx_parent_product_id"],
          "key": "PRIMARY",
          "key_length": "3",
          "used_key_parts": ["product_id"],
          "ref": ["devvipiriscom.pc.product_id"],
          "rows": 1,
          "filtered": 90.83862305,
          "attached_condition": "p.parent_product_id = 0 and p.`status` = 'A'"
        }
      },
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "c",
          "access_type": "ref",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "p_category_id"],
          "key": "p_category_id",
          "key_length": "3",
          "used_key_parts": ["category_id"],
          "ref": ["devvipiriscom.pc.category_id"],
          "rows": 1,
          "filtered": 100,
          "attached_condition": "c.`status` = 0",
          "using_index": true
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}