SELECT 
  p.product_id, 
  ifnull(
    count(dp.post_id), 
    0
  ) as discussion_amount_posts 
FROM 
  vi_discussion 
  INNER JOIN vi_products as p ON (
    vi_discussion.object_id = p.product_id
  ) 
  INNER JOIN vi_discussion_posts as dp ON (
    vi_discussion.thread_id = dp.thread_id 
    AND vi_discussion.object_type = 'P' 
    AND vi_discussion.company_id = 1
  ) 
WHERE 
  dp.status = 'A' 
  and p.product_id in (
    12, 148, 5, 23, 1, 149, 79, 238, 239, 172, 
    167, 280, 282, 278, 8, 150, 13
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  p.product_id

Query time 0.00025

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "filesort": {
      "sort_key": "p.product_id",
      "temporary_table": {
        "nested_loop": [
          {
            "table": {
              "table_name": "dp",
              "access_type": "ALL",
              "possible_keys": ["thread_id", "thread_id_2"],
              "rows": 17,
              "filtered": 100,
              "attached_condition": "dp.`status` = 'A'"
            }
          },
          {
            "table": {
              "table_name": "vi_discussion",
              "access_type": "eq_ref",
              "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "object_id", "idx_company_id"],
              "key": "PRIMARY",
              "key_length": "3",
              "used_key_parts": ["thread_id"],
              "ref": ["devvipiriscom.dp.thread_id"],
              "rows": 1,
              "filtered": 100,
              "attached_condition": "vi_discussion.company_id = 1 and vi_discussion.object_type = 'P'"
            }
          },
          {
            "table": {
              "table_name": "p",
              "access_type": "eq_ref",
              "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY"],
              "key": "PRIMARY",
              "key_length": "3",
              "used_key_parts": ["product_id"],
              "ref": ["devvipiriscom.vi_discussion.object_id"],
              "rows": 1,
              "filtered": 100,
              "attached_condition": "p.product_id in (12,148,5,23,1,149,79,238,239,172,167,280,282,278,8,150,13)",
              "using_index": true
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}